Deutsche Bank has made it clear to its currency clients that it doesn't take kindly to individuals, groups, or investment vehicles, such as hedge funds, that use third-party electronic communication networks the bank offers to avoid being identified – yet take advantage of loopholes in the technology. For example, The Wall Street Journal reports, a client could purchase currency on one trading system and sell it back to the bank on another system, without the bank knowing how the client is using the bank's prices. Deciding trading activity done in that manner was not profitable, Deutsche took a firm stand and told these clients either to buy other DB products or take their business elsewhere. When these users refused, Deutsche in turn would not allow them to trade through the bank, a decision that reportedly costs it $1 trillion in volume, or 10% of its trading flows, according to The WSJ.